Reality Television and Audience Interaction

Reality Television and Audience Interaction RESEARCH PROPOSAL How viewers interact and engage with reality shows through voting Research aim and significance This study examines voting – a feature of interaction and engagement of audience with reality television. The study aims to investigate which factors influencing on television viewers’ decision to vote and also provide an exploration on their psychological side which may be vital for understanding their interactive behaviors. In the context of greater interaction between the programs and its audiences has been stimulating by television producers, it is significant to research this interactive form of reality television that encourages deeper audience participation. The findings of this study offer view on multiple sides involving opportunies and challenges for broadcast media companies and digital platform partners to exploit audience participation for the purposes of profit and the strategic expansion to multi-platform formats. Literature Review and Theory Since the very first reality show launching in 1990, the reality genre has rapidly developed to become the most popular experience of television nowadays. A plethora of research has been undertaking in recent years to identify the origin of reality shows’ appeal which concentrated mainly on the psychological side such as the theory of human motivations called ‘16 basic desires’ which linking the most fundamental purposes of human life to aspirations with their attention to media conducted by Reiss and Wiltz (2004) or the element of mastery sense named ‘schadenfreude’ introduced by Hall (2006). More recent studies in the last decade have focused on the power relation between the media and their publics as a key factor contributing to the growth of the reality television around the world, based on the concept of ‘audience activity’ which illustrates the level of selection when people use media and the level of involvement with the content (Rubin, 1993). Unlike many traditional television programs that only focus on the content without paying attention on audience interaction, reality program really provide the audience a participatory mode in which they are invited to influence the program’s story (Godlewski Perse, 2010; Enli Ihlebà ¦k, 2011). In its most famous form (in such series as Big Brother, The X Factor, Idol and The Voice), reality television has been transformed into interactive cross-platform media experience, soliciting direct audience participation, by telephone and the use of interactive functions of digital technology (Charles, 2012). Gr iffen-Foley (2004) argued that all of these media outlets have sought to attend their consumers as ‘textual actors’ which boosted the perception of engagement and generate a ‘loyal community’ of audience. Among them, voting is assigned as a prominent and lucrative option of viewer feedback, particularly in talent-based reality shows (Enli Ihlebà ¦k, 2011). Godlewski and Perse (2010) developed the theory of audience activity to scrutinize the relationship between viewing motivations, recognition of the participants, ‘cognitive and emotional involvement’ before, during and after exposure to media content. The scholars discovered that, instead of according with the levels of cognitive and emotional involvement during exposure, reality television provides to the audiences new kinds of post-exposure activity and also opportunities for finding previously unavailable ‘additional gratifications’ through voting to affect the program’s result. Such interactivity creates involving experiences via the active control of the media. In addition, there is a higher level of psychological engagement relating to thinking about and spending attentiveness of viewers who vote to whom they chose to vote for. Interestingly, Nightingale and Dwyer (2006) took the form on a larger scope that examined wider cultural significance and the translation into national format. This means that in multicultural nations, the audience is more likely to compose members of various dispersive communities with different degrees of loyalty. As a result, while votes are asked for supporters, the result always represents on a national scale. Audiences pay money to protect and attract the focus on their local contestants and even on their hometowns and regions. This study does not merely to understand why audience lodging vote in reality television but also explore what portrays them in regards to motivations and interactive behaviors such as the differences between age, gender, culture, socio-economic background and psychological aspect for example the level of activeness. Through this program producers could understand the desires of audience for interacting with the content via voting. Methodology Based on similar case studies involving audience activity (Godlewski Perse 2010), I will conduct one-hour interviews with five people of various age, gender and socio-economic backgrounds who are reality shows’ audience and regularly vote for their favorite shows or contestants. These interviews allow participants to elaborate on given open-ended qualitative questions and to explore from their personal experience of interaction and engagement. Before the interview, a copy of the plain language statement will be given to the participants for reading and keeping. They will be also asked to sign and return the consent form to the researchers. The interview will be recorded and transcribed for the purposes of the research paper. In the first part of the interview, participants will be asked to mention the kind of reality genre they are more likely to watch and their voting frequency. In the remaining part, participants will be invited to show how they interact with their most-liked reality shows through voting, for example explaining why they vote and determining which factors affect their decision. The information gathered will be compared and contrasted, using arguments discussed above in order to provide an insight into television producers targeted at the capitalization of audience fancy to maximize the shows’ outcome in terms of both revenue and viewer loyalty. The plain language statement, consent form and interview questions are provided below in the appendix. [918 words] Bibliography Charles, A 2012, Interactivity: New Media, Politics and Society, Peter Lang Oxford, Oxford. Enli, GS Ihlebà ¦k, KA 2011, ‘Dancing with the audience: Administrating vote-ins in public and commercial broadcasting’, Media, Culture Society, 33(6), pp. 953-962. Godlewski, LR Perse, EM 2010, ‘Audience activity and reality television: Identification, Online Activity, and Satisfaction’, Communication Quarterly, May, pp. 148-169. Griffen-Foley, B 2004, ‘From Tit-Bits to Big Brother: A Century of Audience Participation in the Media’, Media Culture Society, vol. 26, no. 4, July, pp. 533-548. Hall, A 2006, ‘Viewers Perceptions of Reality Programs’, Communication Quarterly, vol. 54, issue 2, May, pp. 191-211. Hill, A 2007 , Reslyting Factual TV: Audiences and News, Documentary and Reality Genres, Taylor Francis, New York. Holmes, S 2004, ‘Reality Goes Pop!: Reality TV, Popular Music, and Narratives of Stardom in Pop Idol’, Television New Media, vol. 5, no.2, May, pp. 147-172. Holmes, S 2004, ‘‘But this time you choose!’: Approaching the ‘interactive’ audience in reality TV’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 213-231. Kajus, Y 2009, ‘Idolizing and Monetizing the Public: The Production of Celebrities and Fans, Representatives and Citizens in Reality TV’, International Journal of Communication, pp. 277-300. Nightingale, V Dwyer, T 2006 ‘The audience politics of ‘enhanced’ television formats’, International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 25-42 Papacharissi, Z Mendelson, AL 2007, ‘An exploratory study of reality appeal: Uses and Gratifications of reality TV shows’, Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, vol. 51, issue 2, June, pp. 355-370. Reiss, S Wiltz, J 2004, ‘Why people watch Reality TV’, Media Psychology, vol. 6, issue 4, November, pp.363-378. Roscoe, J 2010, ‘Multi-Platform Event Television: Reconceptualizing our Relationship with Television’, The Communication Review, vol. 7, issue. 4, pp. 363-369. Ytreberg, Y 2009, ‘Extended liveness and eventfulness in multi-platform reality formats’, New Media Society, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 1-19. Interview questions 1. What kinds of reality television do you often interact with through voting? + How many times do you vote for your favorite reality programs on average? 2. Are you member of a fanclub of any reality show’ or reality show’ contestant? + Do you mobilize your family/ relatives/ friends/ community to vote for your favorite contestants? 3. Which factors do you think will affect your decision for vote? + Are the contestants’ performance and the estimations of the judges important to you? + If your favorite contestant is facing elimination, do you try your best to keep he/she staying in the competion? 4. Do you think that voting is a symbol of audience democracy? + To what extent do you believe that audience can control the result of a reality show by voting? + Do you think the results reflect properly the audience desire? 5. How do you feel if the contestant that you voted for lose? + Do you often compare between your local contestants and contestants from other regions? 6. Do you think voting is the best way to interact and engage with your favorite reality shows? + Which other kinds of interction and engagement do you like? GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CONSENT FORM FOR PARTICIPANTS Project Title: Reality television and audience interaction – How viewers interact and engage with reality shows through voting Name of participant: Name of researcher: Truc Tuong Thi Lam 1.I consent to participate in this project, the details of which have been explained to me, and I have been provided with a written plain language statement to keep. 2. I understand that after I sign and return this consent form it will be retained by the researcher. 3.I understand that my participation will involve an interview and observation and I agree that the researcher may use the results as described in the plain language statement. 4.I acknowledge that: (a) the possible effects of participating in the interview and observation have been explained to my satisfaction; (b) I have been informed that I am free to withdraw from the project at any time without explanation or prejudice and to withdraw any unprocessed data I have provided; (c) the project is for the purpose of research; (d) I have been informed that the confidentiality of the information I provide will be safeguarded subject to any legal requirements; (e) I have been informed that with my consent the interview will be audio-taped and I understand that audio-tapes will be stored at University of Melbourne and will be destroyed after five years; (f) my name will be referred to by a pseudonym in any publications arising from the research; (g) I have been informed that a copy of the research findings will be forwarded to me, should I agree to this. I consent to this interview being audio-taped à ¢- ¡ yes à ¢- ¡ no (please tick) I wish to receive a copy of the summary project report on research finding à ¢- ¡ yes à ¢- ¡ no (please tick) Participant signature:Date: GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES PLAIN LANGUAGE STATEMENT Project Title: Reality television and audience interaction – How viewers interact and engage with reality shows through voting Name of student: Truc Tuong Thi Lam Telephone: 0426 998 078 Email: [emailprotected] Name of lecturer: Dr. Esther Chin Telephone: (03) 8344 3411 Email: [emailprotected] Dear participant, I am a Master of Global Media Communication student at the University of Melbourne currently enrolled in the subject MECM40003 Researching Audiences and Reception. A major component of the subject assessment requires students to carry our research on media audiences such as yourself to understand reception and consumption patterns and to determine how audiences interpret and interact with media types. I will be carrying out open-ended interviews with participants approximately 45 minutes in length. Your honest responses are extremely important in giving validity to this study. With your permission, I will audiotape your responses for transcription and inclusion in my study. Interview responses will be analysed and included in a research report for submission at the end of the current semester. Date will be destroyed after being kept securely at the University of Melbourne for five years. Your responses and identity will be given a pseudonym in the research report and every effort will be made to ensure your confidentiality. As soon as the research report is returned after examination a copy will be made available to you upon request. This research project is being carried out with approval from the University of Melbourne’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). If you have any concerns or further questions you may contact my lecturer (as above) and/or the Human Research Ethics Office: Executive Officer, Human Research Ethics, University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Telephone: (03) 8344 2073. If you would like to participate in this research please read and sign the accompanying consent form. Thank you. Yours sincerely, Truc Tuong Thi Lam

Four Great Revolutions in Philosophy Essay

Throughout the history of the universe, there have been revolutions that shaped the history of the world. However, none have had such a great impact as the four great revolutions in thought and religion. Included, are the philosophy of China, religion in India, religion of the Jews, and Greek Philosophy. They all have many things in common, but each are unique as well. The four great revolutions occurred in or near original river valley systems, and they were all born through a crisis. Each of the reformations is responsible for much of the cultural history of the world, because once the cultural pattern was set, it endured. Finally, it all began when people started to question their existence. When the, relatively speaking, â€Å"modern† philosophy of the east was created, China was going through a crisis. New territorial states were replacing the traditional city-states. Peasant armies with new technology were replacing old nobility. The old etiquette and old rituals were crumbling. People yearned for a new, peaceful society. Thus, Confucianism was born. Confucius was born in 551 BCE in northeast China. He was educated and was a member of the lower-nobility. When Confucius was young, his father died, so he knew what it was like to be without. Confucius didn’t believe in an afterlife, and in the Analects, he was quoted as saying, â€Å"How can you understand death if you cannot understand life?† Later in life, he became a traveling teacher, trying to persuade rulers to buy his ideas to return society back to the times of the Chou Dynasty, where everyone in society had a role to play. These roles consisted of five relationships: Ruler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, older brother to younger brother, and friend to friend. Confucius believed that if everyone stood to their position, society would be in harmony. However, when the well-being of a society depends on individuals living up to their responsibilities, things can go wrong fairly quickly. It became obvious that returning to the Chou Dynasty was impossible. By the time Confucius died, in 479 BCE, he was unable to find a ruler to accept his  teachings, but one thing made sense to the people. The ability to have a good government is dependent on the appointment of good men. This is evident in American society today when we elect a new President every four years. Another revolution took place about fifty years earlier in India. In 600 BCE, India had a priest-centered, cult dominated upper-class that controlled society. They had elaborate animal sacrifices, and believed in magic. In an attempt to bring more people into participation, a group called the Upanishads began to propose meditation on the meaning of ritual. They had two main emphases: 1) Knowledge was over ritual and immortality was escaping afterlife, and 2) â€Å"From the unreal, lead me to the real. From death, lead me to immortality,† which reverts the emphasis back to knowledge. Gods were merely a part of the total scheme. The Upanishads believed that life was a never-ending cycle between life and death. Life after death was known as samsara. The key to resolving samsara is karma (work or action) in which the goal is to have more good deed than bad deeds. There were two basic ways to achieve this goal. First, one sought to maximize good, and minimize bad. Second, a person should seek liberation from existence, escaping all karmic effects. This, when followed out completely, resulted in escaping action itself. This brings us to the Jains. An Indian man named Mahavira found and taught â€Å"the way† to save the soul from its karmic bonds. Jains believed that there is no beginning or end to existence. They believed that the universe was alive and had infinite souls that were all trapped in samsara. Words and deeds have a reaction, and one must take care of everything. Mahavira’s focus was to eliminate evil thought and act that was especially harmful of others. He isolated himself for twelve years, meditating, until he found true enlightenment. When thinking of â€Å"enlightened ones,† many would think of Buddha. Buddhism was â€Å"India’s greatest contribution to religion.† Siddhartha Gautama is the most renowned Buddha. He was born in 566 BCE into an upper-class, if not noble, family. As Siddhartha grew older, he began to think about aging, sickness,  and death. He was disgusted by his sensual desires and sensual pleasures he obtained from the material world, so he set out to find an end to the endless cycle of existence. It is said that Siddhartha Gautama sat under a Bodh tree, smoked, meditated, and found the answer. He then devoted the rest of his life to teaching others his findings, known as The Middle Path. The Middle Path is the core to Buddhist faith and practice, and begins with Four Noble Truths: 1) All of life is suffering, 2) The source of suffering is desiring, 3) The cessation of desiring is the way to end suffering, and 4) The path to the end is eight-fold. The fourth truth is not just metaphorically speaking. The Eight-Fold Path consists of the following: Right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. The emphasis on Buddhism was compassion. The goal, through The Four Noble Truths, was to attain nirvana (extinguishing all karmic bonds). To succeed in this, one had to give up many things, so there were very few willing to make the sacrifice. There was no deity. If one just stopped wanting, he or she would stop suffering. Now we come to the first big difference in thought and religion; the religion of the Jews. The Hebrews tried to create a monotheistic life from a polytheistic society. They believed that there was one universal creator/sustainer of the universe, and that was God. All things were linked to God’s â€Å"divine plan.† There were two central ideas to Judaism. First, significance of history on the divine plan. Second, the idea of God (justice and goodness). God was righteous, so he expected humans to be also. He demanded moral behavior. God’s â€Å"divine plan† included a man named Abraham, who is considered the patriarch of the Jews, Christians and Muslims. Abraham made a covenant with God that if Abraham and all of his children would worship God alone, then God would protect them. The final Great Revolution took a central â€Å"god† and threw in many different  gods. Greek Philosophy offered different approaches and answers to the same concerns as original monotheists. The Greeks were logical. They looked at the universe as a whole. They investigated cures for sicknesses and didn’t rely solely on the gods for healing. During the mid-fifth century BCE, an influential debate began with professional teachers, called Sophists. They received pay for teaching persuasion and rhetoric, which were very highly valued in Ancient Athenian Society. Sophists preached on the nature of the polis (city-state). This was when the crisis began. All philosophers were concerned that everything was falling apart, because of outsiders. The Sophists argued that the law was in accordance with nature. If everyone followed the law, the polis would be fine and protected. This sounds much like Confucius’ idealistic belief that people could just stay in one role and be happy in that relationship. It is quite obvious that there have been revolutions that shaped the history of the world. However, none have had such a great impact as the four great revolutions in thought and religion. Included, are the philosophy of China, religion in India, religion of the Jews, and Greek Philosophy. They all have many things in common, but each are unique as well. The four great revolutions occurred in or near original river valley systems, and they were all born through a crisis. Each of the reformations is responsible for much of the cultural history of the world, because once the cultural pattern was set, it endured. Finally, it all began when people started to question their existence.

Employment Relationship

Literature Review: Employment Relationship Introduction Literature review is the method of having some intensive secondary information related with some specific issues and problems. In the context of this fact, the literature review presented within the paper, has aimed to reveal some different dimensions of employee and employer relationship in different cultures. There is a significant impact of surrounding environment and culture over any practice undertaken by a business organization.In this context, the literature review presents some crucial views of different authors and scholars regarding different nature and issues related with employee-employer relationship in different cultures. Employment relationship in the context of different cultures In different cultures, the presentation of the employment relationship can be done in different manner. There are different important issues and aspects of this relationship which can be explained in different manner in the context of di fferent cultural problems.Explaining this fact further, Singh (2010) has presented the employment relationship at the work place in the Indian context. In the views of the author, in line to the Indian culture, the employment relationship in the Indian is also quite ethical and concerned towards the betterment of the society as a whole. Works ethics and honesty is considered as the prime aspects of the commitment of the employee towards his organization. In response to this, the organizational values are also quite humanistic and in the favor of the employees developments.The author has highlighted the concept of emotional intelligence for the purpose of describing Employment relationship in the context of Indian organizations. As per the authors, managements of business organizations operating with the Indian culture, put emphasis over developing emotional and personal competencies in the employee as it leads enhance the perceived efficiency of the employee at the work place. In th e support of this, Ratnam (1998) has also asserted the diversity of workforce is the major characteristic of the Indian organizational culture.As Indian is a vast country which conceives diversity at a vast level, it becomes quite necessary for the employer to maintain a positive relationship with culturally diversified employees so that intra-organizational issues can be minimized in the most effective manner. In regard to this, issues related with intra-organization conflicts are quite natural in the context of Indian business organizations. Along with this, Sparrow (2006) has raised one more employment related issues in the context of Indian business organizations.As per the author, lack of motivation provided to employees, large availability of work force, and bureaucratic organizational structure commonly preferred by Indian organization are some of the highlighting factors of Indian business environment. In Indian organizational culture, a strict hierarchy and flow of order is followed, which sometimes leads to weaken the employment relationship at the work place. These are some of the critical factors and aspects related with employment relationship in Indian context which is quite different with that in the Anglo-American context.Different employment issues have also been highlighted by Drory and Vigoda-Gadot (2010) in the context of Israeli business organizations. As per the research conducted by the author, Israeli business organizations follow Islamic philosophy for commencing their business operations. As per such philosophy, there must be some specific rules and regulations confined by Islamic laws for the purpose of regulating different inter-organizational process. All the employees are strictly bound to follow such rules and regulation.In the views of the author, proper implication of Islamic law and regulation brings uniformity in the business operations of different related business organizations operating within the same market. Along with t his, high degree of discipline, and acceptance of work ethics are some crucial points of employment relationship within Islamic business organization. In the special reference of Israeli organizational culture, the author has demonstrated the implication of employment relationship in terms of organizational politics.In this context, the author has indicated towards the decreasing socialist ideology of the society that directly affects organizational policies and culture. The author has reflected has that in recent period of time, a declining trend of collectivism in Israeli business environment has been sighted, which cast a negative impact over perception of workers and employees regarding trade union. Employees have started to prefer individualism while resolving any issue with management.Obeidat, Shannak, Masa'deh, Al-Jarrah (2012) have demonstrated the Arabian Culture and work ethics followed within this culture quite prominently. As per the author, Arabian culture is quite cons ervative from the perspective of work ethics. All the ethics related with duty of employees, and moral and professional responsibilities of an employer are confined with the help of laws and rules of Islam. As per the findings of the author, Islamic philosophy followed within the culture of Arabian business organization considers honesty and fair treatment as the most desirable work ethic.In addition to this, the culture also implies that it is a moral responsibility of the employer to fulfill all the essential and basic needs of its employee. In support of Islamic perspective regarding employment relationship, Ahmad and Yekta (2010) have also elaborated the phenomena of employment relationship. The authors have elaborated their findings in the context of Iranian Cement Industry. The authors have found out that as per Iranian culture, support provided to employee to gain skills and competencies should be the major organizational philosophy of the organization.The cement industry of the country usually follows the phenomena of collective leadership as their core organizational philosophy. In addition to this, work ethics are considered at high priority in Iranian organizational culture. The authors have stated that prime shortcoming of this culture of the organization is that there is a gap between individual worker or employee and management, which directly leads to create an intra-organizational issues within organizational culture. Searle et al (2011) has reflected the perspective of employment relationship in the context of European business organization.The author has depicted in his literature that procedure and ideology of European business organization is quite different with that of the rest of the world. For this purpose the author has conducted an intensive online survey with different participants from different countries of the Europe such as Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Switzerland. As per the findings of survey, high employee involvement and engagement has been emerged as one of the major key aspects of employment relationship considered by business organizations in the European region.As per this ideology, employees are considered as the integral part and asset of the organization. The organizational performance is directly linked up with performance of employees. In this context, employee involvement becomes quite essential for the long term success of the organization. Owing to this reason, the definition of employment relationship becomes quite close in the context of European culture. In relation to this, Bassanini, Breda, Caroli and Reberioux (2010) have presented their findings in the context of business environment of France.As per the findings of authors, organizational culture of France is quite different with other European country as French organizations prefer the family business concept. Unlike other developed county, in France, the overall emphasis over collective leadership within the organization is qu ite less. In the country, the approach of people regarding family business is quite positive. Owing to this, the disposition of employer-employee within the country is quite informal. However, still the work ethics are prominently considered by both, employer and employee while accomplishing any organizational process.In addition to this, concern regarding employee benefits and welfare is also quite high within French business organization. In direction to this, it can be considered that like Anglo-American approach, French and other European country’s organizational culture is also quite positive for employment relationship. In addition to this, Ribeiro-Soriano and Urbano (2010) have explored the significance of employee-organization relationship (EOR) in the context of small scale business organizations.As per the authors, in existing business environment in which, direction of leadership has been shifted from individual leadership to corporate entrepreneurship (CE), it has been quite necessary for the management of the business organization to maintain a positive and close relationship with the employee. In the views of the authors, due to the advent of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) in existing business environment, there is communication gap between employer and employee has been created which hampers the positive relationship between both such entities.For the long term sustainability and success of the organization it is quite essential for its management to maintain a close and positive communication and keep it policies quite aligned with employee welfare. Conclusion On the basis of the review of entire literature review, it can be concluded that employment relationship can be considered as relationship between employers and employees. There are different aspects of employment relationship such as work ethics, employer responsibilities towards employees, employee’s commitment, communication level and so on.In this context, the paper has investigated employment relationship in the context of different regions, i. e. , India, countries from Islamic countries, and European countries such as France. Different literatures have reflected that the span and disposition of the employment relationship is quite different in different regions. In different countries, due to different culture and business environment, the ideology of employment relationship differs from each other. Reference: Ahmad, Z. A. and Yekta, Z. A. 2010.Relationship between perceived organizational support, leadership behavior, and job satisfaction: An empirical study in Iran. Intangible Capital 6(2), pp. 162-184 Bassanini, A. , Breda, T. , Caroli, E. , and Reberioux, A. 2010. Working in family firms: less paid but more secure? Evidence from French matched employer-employee data. Drory, A. and Vigoda-Gadot, V. 2010. Organizational politics and human resource management: A typology and the Israeli experience. Human Resource Management Review 20, pp. 194à ¢â‚¬â€œ202. Obeidat, B. Y. Shannak, R. O. , Masa'deh, R. , Al-Jarrah, I. M. 2012. Toward Better Understanding for Arabian Culture: Implications Based on Hofstede's Cultural Model. European Journal of Social Sciences 28 (4), pp 512-522 Ratnam, V. C. S. 1998. Multinational companies in India. International Journal of Human Resource Management 9(4), pp 567-589. Ribeiro-Soriano, D, and Urbano, D. 2010. Employee-organization relationship in collective entrepreneurship: an overview. Journal of Organizational Change 23(4), pp 349-359. Searle, R. et al 2011.Trust in the Employer: the Role of High Involvement Work Practices and Procedural Justice In European Organization. International Journal of Human Resource Management 22(5), pp. 2-18. Singh, K. 2010. Developing human capital by linking emotional intelligence with personal competencies in Indian business organizations. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management 5(2), pp 30-42. Sparrow, P. R. 2006. International manag ement: some key challenges for industrial and organizational psychology. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 21, pp. 189-266.

Pearl Harbor Cause And Effect Essay - 1396 Words

The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, at 7:55 AM the Japanese Empire led a surprise attack on the US Naval base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, that would leave millions of Americans in shock, and heartbroken. Before the attack, the United States kept a low profile on International affairs, and concentrated on the domestic affairs at hand. This tragic moment in American history forever remembered. It is a mournful day for the American people, although, for the Japanese Empire it was an honorable day, one they would call a victory. People believed that the Japanese Empire attack on Pear Harbor was deceitful, treacherous and for no reason at all. Yet, there is a reason behind their attack, it was a†¦show more content†¦Franklin Delano Roosevelt did not want a conflict in the pacific as the United States was not prepared for war. For instance, the oil embargo that was organized between the British, the Dutch, and the United States was about 90% of Japan’s imported oil. [3] This u pset Japan because without oil or fuel their military and war efforts would come to a complete stop. Beginning of the year in 1941, FDR decided that the Pacific Fleet would move to Hawaii from San Diego in the hopes of discouraging the invasion of the Japanese. Negotiations between Washington and Tokyo had been going on for several months without a resolution. On July 2, 1941, the Imperial High Command was tired of negotiations with the United States and needed to proceed with their development within Asia even with the embargo in place and meaning it would be at a high risk of war with the US. [4] Therefore, the Japanese had deceived the United States, ignored the arbitration, and moved forward with their plans. The United States had hoped that this restrictive embargo would halt Japan’s assault as negotiations had continued well into November. Instead of giving in to the United States demands, the Japanese had decided to finally put their surprise battle strategy in place and strike the United States with full force. Admiral Yamamoto placed a heavy emphasis for one quick action on aerial warfare to strike on the fleet at PearlShow MoreRelatedPearl Harbor Cause And Effect Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects By Dawn Martin (4631058) American Public University System June 11, 2017 HIST102: American History since 1877 Thomas Pfundstein The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, at 7:55 AM the Japanese Empire led a surprise attack on the US Naval base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, that would leave millions of Americans in shock, and heartbroken. Before the attack, the United States kept a low profile on InternationalRead MoreCritical Thinking : The Atomic Bomb1013 Words   |  5 PagesAngel Colbourne AMH-2020-02C 10/16/14 Critical Thinking Essay In this essay critical thinking skills will be used to answer questions about the atomic bomb. First, I will be discussing why the atomic bomb was developed. On December 21st, 1938, nuclear fission was discovered in Germany by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann. It should be noted that this was nine months before World War II. Many physicists immediately saw that nuclear fission could be used to make extremely deadly bombs. The idea of usingRead MoreThe War And Its Effects On Society1357 Words   |  6 Pagesalong with havoc and despair. It impacts those that are involved in the war itself, along with the families of those involved. Society is also impacted by war, both economically and emotionally. War effects every person associated with it or around it. War even effects innocence people. Just as war effects everyone involved in it, so does the art, music, and literature associated with it. Since the beginning of time, art, music and literature have made large impacts on people in life and making an impactRead MoreThe Radar and World War II1626 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States during the Pacific War? This investigation evaluates the development of naval radar technology during the WWII and how the improvements of the radar helped the US to succeed in the war. To see the change throughout the years, the essay will include the radar before the WWII. The time period will during 1900-1945. Radar was researched by the British in the 1930s as a means to track migratory birds using radio waves to bounce off objects back to a receiver. The length of time it takesRead MoreWorld War 2 : Argumentative Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War 2 Argumentative Essay World War 2 was a massive war which engulfed the whole world from 1939 – 1935. There were 2 different sides in the war. These two sides were the Allies and the axis. At the start of the war, the Allies consisted of Great Britain and all of its colonies (such as Australia) and France. The Axis consisted of Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet Union. At the start of the war the axis powers were dominating. Germany used â€Å"Blitzkrieg† (Lighting war) tactics very successfullyRead MoreWhen is war justified715 Words   |  3 Pagesprotect one’s nation from harm. A well-known example is when America was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor. America responded to this attack by bombing Japan and putting an end to this engagement. If America had not responded in this way, then how many more casualties would they have suffered? America’s act of self-defense revealed to Japan that they don’t want to engage in a war with America and in effect caused Japan to re treat and make peace with America. Humanitarian wars are not justified becauseRead MoreWallace Stevens Poem The Death of a Soldier and William Faulkners Story Two Soldiers: A Comparative Analysis757 Words   |  3 PagesDeath of a Soldier and E.E. Cummings poem my sweet old etcetera in your textbook, Select Writers of the Twentieth Century. Select either poem and analyze the view of war in the poem with the view of war in Faulkners story Two Soldiers. The essay should be well- developed and well-supported with the texts. Wallace Stevens The Death of a Soldier honors the common, unremarkable death of an ordinary soldier. War is portrayed as inevitable in the Stevens poem, like the seasons. As in aRead MoreDifference Between Violence And Compassion1404 Words   |  6 Pagesafter seeing an act of compassion. In this essay You will learn the difference between violence and compassion and how violence has more of an impact on people than compassion. Some acts of compassion wouldn’t exist without violence . Take Clara Barton for example, if the civil war never happened, she never would have become a hero or started the red cross because she never would have become a nurse in the army and seen the physical and mental effects of war on the human body. Malala is anotherRead MoreFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreFree Papers992 Words   |  4 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, fre e term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use these